Hernia

A bulge in the abdomen maybe a sign of hernia, which is caused by prolonged increase in intra-abdominal pressure that causes muscle weakness or loss of collagen. Some organs in the abdominal cavity may protrude through the weak point in the muscle, forming the visible bulge. Classification of hernias depends on the location and clinical presentation, such as whether it is reducible in sizes, obstruction in blood flow. Groin area, pelvis, areas around the umbilicus and diaphragm are all common sites for hernias. Inguinal hernia is the most commonly seen hernia, which is caused by weakened abdominal muscles, that leads to the intra-abdominal organs, like the small intestine or omentum, protrude into the scrotum through the groin. With current medical advances, inguinal hernia can be repaired by endoscopic surgeries

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Who are at risks of hernias?

Causes of hernias can be classified into congenital and acquired. The former one refers to congenital defects in the abdominal wall. The later one refers to chronic pressure on the abdominal wall that causes the loss of collagen and weakening of the muscle, so the intra-abdominal organs may protrude through the weak point. People who engaged in manual labor or weight lifting, constipation, or have problems with prostate glands may have higher risk of developing hernias.


How does hernia affect my health?

Do not underestimate the severity of hernias. Besides obstructing blood flow, involved area may become ischemic, causing tissue death, or even peritonitis in severe cases. The protruding parts may cause pain or redness, and the pain may spread through the abdomen.

How to diagnose hernias?

In general, doctors can diagnose if a patient has hernias with physical examination. Symptoms of hernia include a visible lump in the abdomen, which increases in size when the patient is coughing, standing or exercising, and it is reducible when the patient lays down.



Reference information:  http://surgeon.com.hk/hernia-surgery-hong-kong.html
It is not intended as medical advice to any specific person. If you have any need for personal advice or have any questions regarding your health, please consult your Surgery  for diagnosis and treatment.

靜脈曲張的手術治療方法

隨著醫學進步，除了傳統外科手術治療靜脈曲張外，以微創方式進行的靜脈腔內射頻消融術（Endovenous Radiofrequency Ablation）、靜脈腔內激光治療（Endovenous Laser Therapy）及超聲波導引注射治療（Ultrasound Guided Sclerotherapy），亦是有醫學文獻證明可供選擇的脈內治療方法。相較外科手術，微創手術的好處是只需局部麻醉、傷口及疤痕細小，以及減少術後不適。而新研發的醫學結合劑或蒸氣治療方案，則用於短期效果較為理想，長遠成效尚有待研究。

究竟哪種手術治療方案才最有效？在此，大家必須有一個清晰的概念，靜脈曲張是一個很「漫長」的疾病，由第１期演變至第６期，動輒可以經歷１０年以上，患者在哪個年齡決定接受治療、其個人意願，以及病情的嚴重程度，均會有不同的治療方案，因此是一個很「個人化」的選擇。

例如不少年輕女士怕影響外觀，在靜脈曲張初期便進行微創的超聲波導引注射治療；相反，長者相較不會太重視外表，一般會在病情較嚴重才求診，有的亦不介意小傷口，願意做外科手術抽走已損壞的微細血管。當然這一切要與外科醫生商量後取得共識，醫生會視乎患者情況而安排合適療程。

除此之外，靜脈曲張患者亦可能因病情需要而進行「整合式治療」，即施以一種以上的治療方案。不少患者眼見足踝位置滿布青筋，以為只需治療這些肉眼可看見的青筋便可。事實上，醫生可能會以靜脈腔內射頻消融術、靜脈腔內激光治療、醫學結合劑或外科手術其中一種方法，先封閉或抽走腿部的主幹血管例如大隠靜脈或小隱靜脈。

至於其他較微細、彎曲及分散的受損靜脈，由於不適合做射頻療程，故此會改進行超聲波導引注射治療，在血管內注射硬化劑將其封閉，或透過小型外科手術將相關靜脈抽走。醫生會根據患者的情況及個人意願，安全不同組合的手術療程。






资料来源: http://surgeon.com.hk/varicose-vein.html
以上所提供的资讯仅作为教育及参考用途，如果你有任何医疗问题，
应向外科医生查询，而不应单倚赖以上提供的资料。